张宗平
b89819d5db
大纲按「3天C++强化(含OOP)+1天Qt桌面」组织，讲:练≈1:2.7；每个知识点直接 链接仓库真实代码文件与 ERRATA/VERSION_NOTES 里记录的具体坑。幻灯片 vendor 了 reveal.js 5.2.1（核心+highlight插件），零 CDN 依赖，配 serve.py 本地起服务（仅绑定 127.0.0.1）供离线播放，代码链接可点开查看源码。
354 lines
14 KiB
HTML
354 lines
14 KiB
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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<html lang="zh-CN">
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<head>
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<meta charset="utf-8">
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<title>Day 1 · C++ 对 C 的扩展 + 类和对象基础</title>
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<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="reveal/reveal.css">
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="reveal/theme.css">
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="reveal/plugin/highlight/monokai.css">
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="custom.css">
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</head>
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<body>
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<div class="reveal">
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<div class="slides">
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<section>
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<h1>Day 1</h1>
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<h3>C++ 对 C 的扩展 + 类和对象基础</h3>
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<p class="module-badge">Qt 方向实训 · 第 1 / 4 天 · 讲:练 ≈ 1:2.7</p>
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<ul>
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<li>模块 A（3 课时）：C++ 对 C 的扩展 —— 强化，非入门</li>
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<li>模块 B（3 课时）：类和对象基础</li>
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</ul>
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<p><small>大纲：<a class="filelink" href="../OUTLINE.md">docs/teaching/OUTLINE.md</a></small></p>
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</section>
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<!-- ===================== 模块 A：讲 ===================== -->
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<section>
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<section>
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<p class="module-badge">模块 A · 讲授 35min</p>
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<h2>C++ 对 C 的扩展 <span class="tag tag-lecture">讲</span></h2>
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<p>已默认你熟悉这些语法——今天讲「为什么」，不讲「怎么写」：</p>
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<ul>
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<li>namespace 的作用域本质</li>
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<li>函数重载的决议机制</li>
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<li>const 的本质 vs #define</li>
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<li>引用的本质（语法糖视角）</li>
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<li>三目运算符可否作左值 —— 纯版本差异</li>
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</ul>
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</section>
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<section>
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<p class="module-badge">强化点 1 / 5</p>
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<h3>namespace 为什么不能定义在函数体内 <span class="tag tag-lecture">讲</span></h3>
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<pre><code class="cpp" data-trim data-noescape>
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namespace A{
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int a = 10;
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}
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namespace B{
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int a = 20;
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}
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void test(){
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cout << "A::a : " << A::a << endl;
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cout << "B::a : " << B::a << endl;
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}
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</code></pre>
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<p><small>作用域是「文件级」概念，不是「语句顺序」——wiki 原文把 namespace
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写进了函数体内，编译不过；出处：<a class="filelink" target="_blank"
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href="../../../p01/ch03/namespace_syntax.cpp">p01/ch03/namespace_syntax.cpp</a>，
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修正记录 <span class="filelink">ERRATA.md [58954439:3/6/7]</span></small></p>
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</section>
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<section>
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<p class="module-badge">强化点 2 / 5</p>
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<h3>函数重载：二义性从哪来 <span class="tag tag-lecture">讲</span></h3>
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<pre><code class="cpp" data-trim data-noescape>
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void MyFunc(string b){ cout << "b: " << b << endl; }
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// 函数重载碰上默认参数
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void MyFunc(string b, int a = 10){ cout << "a: " << a << " b:" << b << endl; }
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int main(){
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// MyFunc("hello"); // 二义：两个重载同等匹配
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MyFunc("hello", 20); // 显式给第二参才能消歧义
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}
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</code></pre>
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<p><small>重载决议只看「能否唯一确定最佳匹配」，默认参数不参与决议——
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出处：<a class="filelink" target="_blank"
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href="../../../p01/ch03/function_overload_basics_2.cpp">p01/ch03/function_overload_basics_2.cpp</a>，
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<span class="filelink">ERRATA.md [58954439:42] ambiguous-overload</span></small></p>
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</section>
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<section>
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<p class="module-badge">强化点 3 / 5</p>
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<h3>const 的本质 vs #define <span class="tag tag-lecture">讲</span></h3>
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<pre><code class="cpp" data-trim data-noescape>
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const int constA = 10;
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int main(){
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int* p = (int*)&constA;
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*p = 200; // 绕过 const 的“建议性”检查——编译期常量 ≠ 只读内存
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}
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</code></pre>
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<p><small>const 是「编译期类型检查」，不是「运行期内存保护」；#define 只是文本替换，
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没有类型、没有作用域。出处：<a class="filelink" target="_blank"
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href="../../../p01/ch03/const_diff_summary.cpp">p01/ch03/const_diff_summary.cpp</a></small></p>
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</section>
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<section>
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<p class="module-badge">强化点 4 / 5</p>
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<h3>引用的本质 <span class="tag tag-lecture">讲</span></h3>
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<pre><code class="cpp" data-trim data-noescape>
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void testFunc(int& ref){
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ref = 100; // 编译器内部转换为 *ref = 100
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}
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int main(){
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int a = 10;
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int& aRef = a; // 自动转换为 int* const aRef = &a —— 这也是引用必须初始化的原因
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aRef = 20; // 内部转换为 *aRef = 20
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}
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</code></pre>
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<p><small>把引用当成「自动解引用的 const 指针」来理解，很多“为什么引用不能重新绑定”
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的疑惑会自然消失。出处：<a class="filelink" target="_blank"
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href="../../../p01/ch03/reference_essence.cpp">p01/ch03/reference_essence.cpp</a></small></p>
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</section>
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<section>
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<p class="module-badge">强化点 5 / 5 · 版本差异</p>
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<h3>三目运算符能否作左值 —— 纯版本问题 <span class="tag tag-lecture">讲</span></h3>
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<pre><code class="cpp" data-trim data-noescape>
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// C（p01/ch03/ternary_operator.c）：三目表达式返回右值
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(a > b ? a : b) = 100; // C 中非法
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// C++（p01/ch03/ternary_operator.cpp）：三目表达式返回左值引用
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(a > b ? a : b) = 100; // C++ 中合法，b 会被改写
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</code></pre>
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<p><small>现场演示：<code class="filelink">tools/std_probe.py --lang c --file
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p01/ch03/ternary_operator.c --standards c89,c99,c11,c17 --pedantic-errors</code>
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—— 对照 <span class="filelink">docs/VERSION_NOTES.md §2</span></small></p>
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</section>
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</section>
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<!-- ===================== 模块 A：练 ===================== -->
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<section>
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<section>
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<p class="module-badge">模块 A · 练习 95min</p>
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<h2>动手：ch03 强化练习 <span class="tag tag-practice">练</span></h2>
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<p>目录：<a class="filelink" target="_blank" href="../../../p01/ch03">p01/ch03/</a>
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（47 个源文件，本节任务只挑一部分，其余留作参考自学）</p>
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</section>
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<section>
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<div class="task-card">
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<h4>任务卡 1 · 逐一验证 <span class="tag tag-practice">练</span></h4>
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<p>从 <code class="filelink">p01/ch03</code> 挑 8–10 个文件（namespace / reference /
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overload / const 系列），逐个执行：</p>
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<pre><code class="bash" data-trim>tools/run.sh p1c03_03 # namespace_syntax
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tools/run.sh p1c03_33 # reference_essence
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tools/run.sh p1c03_43 # function_overload_basics_2
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# ……自行在 build/ 里用 ninja -t targets 或 cmake --build 找到其余目标名</code></pre>
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<p>对照 <code class="filelink">docs/ERRATA.md</code> 对应条目，写一句话解释
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「wiki 原文错在哪、现在为什么对」。</p>
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</div>
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</section>
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<section>
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<div class="task-card">
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<h4>任务卡 2 · 版本探针实操 <span class="tag tag-practice">练</span></h4>
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<pre><code class="bash" data-trim>tools/std_probe.py --lang c --file p01/ch03/ternary_operator.c \
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--standards c89,c99,c11,c17 --pedantic-errors</code></pre>
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<p>记录哪个标准报错、哪个不报错，对照
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<code class="filelink">docs/VERSION_NOTES.md §2</code> 的结论，理解“同一段代码
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在不同标准下含义不同”。</p>
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</div>
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</section>
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<section>
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<div class="task-card">
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<h4>任务卡 3 · 拔高（选做） <span class="tag tag-practice">练</span></h4>
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<p>阅读 <code class="filelink">docs/ERRATA.md [58954439:42]</code>，解释生成脚本的
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去重逻辑为什么会把重载函数改名导致二义性——这是一次「工具误伤正确代码」的真实案例，
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训练读 diff、读生成器逻辑的能力。</p>
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<p><small>参考：<a class="filelink" target="_blank"
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href="../../../tools/gen_part1.py">tools/gen_part1.py</a> 中 <code>dedupe</code> 相关逻辑</small></p>
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</div>
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</section>
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</section>
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<!-- ===================== 模块 B：讲 ===================== -->
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<section>
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<section>
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<p class="module-badge">模块 B · 讲授 35min</p>
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<h2>类和对象基础 <span class="tag tag-lecture">讲</span></h2>
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<ul>
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<li>封装：C 结构体 vs C++ 类</li>
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<li>构造 / 析构的调用时机</li>
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<li>深拷贝 vs 浅拷贝</li>
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<li>静态成员与单例</li>
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</ul>
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</section>
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<section>
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<h3>封装：同一个问题，两种语言写法 <span class="tag tag-lecture">讲</span></h3>
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<pre><code class="c" data-trim data-noescape>
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// C：结构体没有访问控制，甚至类型都保护不了
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typedef struct _Person{ char name[64]; int age; } Person;
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typedef struct _Aninal{ char name[64]; int age; int type; } Ainmal;
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void AnimalEat(Ainmal* animal){ printf("%s在吃动物吃的饭!\n", animal->name); }
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int main(){
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Person person; strcpy(person.name, "小明"); person.age = 30;
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AnimalEat(&person); // 把 Person* 传给期望 Ainmal* 的函数——编译器毫无察觉
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}
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</code></pre>
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<p><small>对照：<a class="filelink" target="_blank"
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href="../../../p01/ch04/s01/class_encapsulation.c">class_encapsulation.c</a> vs
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<a class="filelink" target="_blank"
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href="../../../p01/ch04/s01/class_encapsulation.cpp">class_encapsulation.cpp</a>
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（public/protected/private 三级访问控制）</small></p>
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</section>
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<section>
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<h3>构造 / 析构的调用时机 <span class="tag tag-lecture">讲</span></h3>
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<pre><code class="cpp" data-trim data-noescape>
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class Person{
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public:
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Person(){
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cout << "构造函数调用!" << endl;
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pName = (char*)malloc(sizeof("John"));
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strcpy(pName, "John");
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}
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~Person(){
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cout << "析构函数调用!" << endl;
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if (pName != NULL){ free(pName); pName = NULL; }
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}
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private:
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char* pName;
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};
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</code></pre>
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<p><small>强化点：wiki 原文这一串例子普遍漏写 <code>#include <cstring></code>
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（用到 strcpy 却不声明）——出处 <a class="filelink" target="_blank"
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href="../../../p01/ch04/s03/ctor_and_dtor.cpp">p01/ch04/s03/ctor_and_dtor.cpp</a>，
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<code class="filelink">ERRATA.md [58954451:0..13] missing-include</code>：编译器不报错，
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但换个平台/换个头文件包含顺序就可能炸——这类隐式依赖正是“强化”该抓的细节。</small></p>
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</section>
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<section>
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<h3>深拷贝 vs 浅拷贝 <span class="tag tag-lecture">讲</span></h3>
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<pre><code class="cpp" data-trim data-noescape>
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class Person{
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public:
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Person(char* name, int age){
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pName = (char*)malloc(strlen(name) + 1);
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strcpy(pName, name);
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}
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// 自己实现拷贝构造函数 —— 深拷贝
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Person(const Person& person){
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pName = (char*)malloc(strlen(person.pName) + 1);
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strcpy(pName, person.pName);
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}
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~Person(){ if (pName != NULL) free(pName); }
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private:
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char* pName;
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};
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void test(){
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Person p1("Edward", 30);
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Person p2 = p1; // 不写拷贝构造 → 默认浅拷贝 → 两个指针指向同一块内存 → 析构两次 double free
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}
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</code></pre>
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<p><small>出处：<a class="filelink" target="_blank"
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href="../../../p01/ch04/s03/deep_vs_shallow_copy.cpp">p01/ch04/s03/deep_vs_shallow_copy.cpp</a></small></p>
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</section>
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<section>
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<h3>静态成员与单例 <span class="tag tag-lecture">讲</span></h3>
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<pre><code class="cpp" data-trim data-noescape>
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class Printer{
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public:
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static Printer* getInstance(){ return pPrinter; }
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void PrintText(string text){ cout << text << endl; mTimes++; }
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private:
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Printer(){ mTimes = 0; }
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Printer(const Printer&){} // 禁止拷贝
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private:
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static Printer* pPrinter;
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int mTimes;
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};
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Printer* Printer::pPrinter = new Printer; // 类外初始化静态成员
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</code></pre>
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<p><small>出处：<a class="filelink" target="_blank"
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href="../../../p01/ch04/s03/static_singleton.cpp">p01/ch04/s03/static_singleton.cpp</a></small></p>
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</section>
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</section>
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<!-- ===================== 模块 B：练 ===================== -->
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<section>
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<section>
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<p class="module-badge">模块 B · 练习 95min</p>
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<h2>动手：类和对象 <span class="tag tag-practice">练</span></h2>
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</section>
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<section>
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<div class="task-card">
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<h4>任务卡 1 · 扩展一个类 <span class="tag tag-practice">练</span></h4>
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<p>以 <a class="filelink" target="_blank"
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href="../../../p01/ch04/s02/point_and_circle.cpp">point_and_circle.cpp</a> 或
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<a class="filelink" target="_blank"
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href="../../../p01/ch04/s02/cube_class_design.cpp">cube_class_design.cpp</a> 为起点，
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新增一个成员函数（如计算面积 / 体积），编译运行验证输出正确。</p>
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</div>
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</section>
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<section>
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<div class="task-card">
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<h4>任务卡 2 · 复现并修复浅拷贝崩溃 <span class="tag tag-practice">练</span></h4>
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<p>修改 <a class="filelink" target="_blank"
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href="../../../p01/ch04/s03/deep_vs_shallow_copy.cpp">deep_vs_shallow_copy.cpp</a>：
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故意删掉拷贝构造函数触发浅拷贝，用 <code class="filelink">tools/run.sh</code>
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观察 double free / 崩溃或异常输出，再恢复深拷贝对比。</p>
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</div>
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</section>
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<section>
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<div class="task-card">
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<h4>任务卡 3 · 独立实现单例 <span class="tag tag-practice">练</span></h4>
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<p>参照 <a class="filelink" target="_blank"
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href="../../../p01/ch04/s03/static_singleton.cpp">static_singleton.cpp</a>，
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独立写一个单例类（拷贝构造设为私有 / delete，验证多次 <code>getInstance()</code>
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返回同一地址）。</p>
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</div>
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</section>
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</section>
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<!-- ===================== 收尾 ===================== -->
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<section>
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<h2>当日产出验证</h2>
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<div class="verify-box">
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<h4>验收标准</h4>
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<pre><code class="bash" data-trim>cmake --build build --target all_p01_ch03
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cmake --build build --target all_p01_ch04_s03</code></pre>
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<p>全绿；至少完成 1 个「浅拷贝崩溃复现 + 修复对比」。</p>
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</div>
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<p class="footer-note"><small>明日预告：Day 2 —— OOP 进阶（对象模型 / 友元 /
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运算符重载 / 继承 / 多态）</small></p>
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<p><a class="filelink" href="index.html">返回目录</a></p>
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</section>
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</div>
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</div>
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<script src="reveal/reveal.js"></script>
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<script src="reveal/plugin/highlight/highlight.js"></script>
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<script>
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Reveal.initialize({
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||
hash: true,
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controls: true,
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progress: true,
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center: true,
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||
slideNumber: true,
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